Turkey

Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or “Father of the Turks.” Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democrat Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of formal political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster – popularly dubbed a “post-modern coup” – of the then Islamic-oriented government. An unsuccessful coup attempt was made in July 2016 by a faction of the Turkish Armed Forces.

Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,” which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces and claimed more than 40,000 lives. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, however intense fighting resumed in 2015. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Over the past decade, economic reforms, coupled with some political reforms, have contributed to a growing economy, although economic growth slowed in recent years.

From 2015 and continuing through 2016, Turkey witnessed an uptick in terrorist violence, including major attacks in Ankara, Istanbul, and throughout the predominantly Kurdish southeastern region of Turkey. On 15 July 2016, elements of the Turkish Armed forces attempted a coup that ultimately failed following widespread popular resistance. More than 240 people were killed and over 2,000 injured when Turkish citizens took to the streets en masse to confront the coup forces. The government accused followers of the Fethullah Gulen transnational religious and social movement (“Hizmet”) for allegedly instigating the failed coup and designates the movement’s followers as terrorists. Since the attempted coup, Turkish Government authorities arrested, suspended, or dismissed more than 130,000 security personnel, journalists, judges, academics, and civil servants due to their alleged connection to Gulen’s movement. Following the failed coup, the Turkish Government instituted a State of Emergency from July 2016 to July 2018. The Turkish Government conducted a referendum on 16 April 2017 in which voters approved constitutional amendments changing Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system. The amendments went into effect fully following the presidential and parliamentary elections in June 2018.

Date		Name	Type
Jan 1	Friday	New Year’s Day	National holiday
Mar 20	Saturday	March Equinox	Season
Apr 23	Friday	National Sovereignty and Children’s Day	National holiday
May 1	Saturday	Labor and Solidarity Day	National holiday
May 12	Wednesday	Ramadan Feast Eve (Tentative Date)	Half Day
May 13	Thursday	Ramadan Feast (Tentative Date)	National holiday
May 14	Friday	Ramadan Feast Holiday (Tentative Date)	National holiday
May 15	Saturday	Ramadan Feast Holiday (Tentative Date)	National holiday
May 19	Wednesday	Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day	National holiday
Jun 21	Monday	June Solstice	Season
Jul 15	Thursday	Democracy and National Unity Day	National holiday
Jul 19	Monday	Sacrifice Feast Eve	National holiday
Jul 20	Tuesday	Sacrifice Feast	National holiday
Jul 21	Wednesday	Sacrifice Feast Day 2	National holiday
Jul 22	Thursday	Sacrifice Feast Day 3	National holiday
Jul 23	Friday	Sacrifice Feast Day 4	National holiday
Aug 30	Monday	Victory Day	National holiday
Sep 22	Wednesday	September Equinox	Season
Oct 28	Thursday	Republic Day Eve	Half Day
Oct 29	Friday	Republic Day	National holiday
Nov 10	Wednesday	Ataturk Memorial Day	Observance
Dec 21	Tuesday	December Solstice	Season
Dec 31	Friday	New Year’s Eve	Observance