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Through the centuries Europe has had great turmoil with warring fractions that have led to horrific wars of great destruction and death. As small kingdoms would create alliances with other kingdoms their adversaries would do the same in fear that they wouldn’t be secure against their adversaries. This would lead to a very competitive environment which unified kingdoms into countries like Germany & Italy. The revolution in France toppled a monarchy and the ideas of democracy spread throughout the rest of Europe. The average person would rise up against the power of not only the monarchies but, those of wealth and influence. Many of these conflicts are commemorated and memorialized usually at the very location they occurred.
The greatest of these are the two world wars that were fought primarily on European soil. These wars impacted all of Europe in one way or another. Across the countries of Europe are museums that document these events and landmarks at the actual locations. Memorials are scattered across the face of Europe to honor the dead and the cemeteries where they rest.
The most moving of these memorials are the concentration camps of WW II. While some were destroyed and merely have markers to show where they existed, others like Auschwitz still have the buildings and grounds where some of the evilest crimes against humanity were committed. These stand in remembrance of all those who suffered and died under the brutality of an oppressive Nazi regime.
AUSTRIA
Soviet war memorial- Vienna
BELARUS
Brest Fortress – Brest
Khatyn massacre
BELGIUM
Memorial de Mardasson – Bastogne
Malmedy Massacre Memorial – Baugnez
Saint Julien Memorial – Langemark
Island of Ireland Peace Park – Messines
Lion’s Mound – Waterloo
Menin Gate Memorial – Ypres
CZECHIA
Lidice Massacre Memorial – Lidici
ESTONIA
Independence War Victory Column – Tallinn
FRANCE
Notre Dame de Lorette – Ablain St.-Nazaire
Newfoundland Memorial Park – Beaumont-Hamel
Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial – Colleville-sur-Mer
Douaumont Ossuary Verdun – Douaumont
Verdun Memorial – Fleury-devant-Douaumont
Welsh Memorial at Mametz Wood – Mametz
Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre Memorial – Oradour-sur-Glane
Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme – Thiepval
Villers–Bretonneux Australian National Memorial – Villers–Bretonneux
Vimy Ridge Memorial -Vimy
GERMANY
The Holocaust Memorial – Berlin
Soviet War Memorial in Treptower Park – Berlin
Hermannsdenkmal – Detmold
Befreiungshalle – Kelheim
Völkerschlachtdenkmal – Leipzig
GREECE
Distomo Memorial – Distomo
Museum of Sacrifice – Kalavryta
IRELAND
Garden of Remembrance – Dublin
National War Memorial – Dublin
ITALY
Sacrario militare di Redipuglia – Fogliano Repdipuglia
NETHERLANDS
National Monument – Amsterdam
Groesbeek Memorial, Canadian War Cemetery – Groesbeek
Netherlands American Cemetery – Margraten
Liberty Monument Welberg – Welberg Steenbergen
POLAND
Tannenberg Memorial – Olsztynek
Bohaterom Warszawy – Warsaw
Monument to the Heroes of the Ghetto – Warsaw
Ochota Massacre Memorial – Warsaw
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier – Warsaw
The Warsaw Uprising Memorial – Warsaw
Wola Massacre Memorial – Warsaw
ROMANIA
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier- Bucharest
Mausoleum of Mărăşeşti – Mărăşeşti
RUSSIA
Piskarevskoye Memorial Cemetery – Leningrad
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier – Moscow
Poklonnaya Hill – Moscow
Mamayev Kurgan Motherland Calls – Volgograd (Stalingrad)
SERBIA
Šumarice Memorial Park – Kragujevac
Marićevića jaruga – Orašac
SPAIN
Fossar de les Moreres – Barcelona
Valle de los Caídos (Valley of the Fallen) – San Lorenzo de El Escorial
TURKEY
Zafer Anıtı-Turkish İndependence War Glory Memorial – Alagöz
Ulus Cumhuriyet Anıtı-Ulus Turkish Republic Memorial -Ankara
Gelibolu Peninsula (Gallipoli) – Anzac
Guven Anıtı-Turkish Soldiers Memorial – Kizilay
Turkish İndependence War Memorial
UNITED KINGDOM
The National Armed Forces Memorial – Alrewas, England
Shot at Dawn Memorial – – Alrewas, England
Hall of Memory – Birmingham, England
The Cenotaph, Whitehall – London, England
National Firefighters Memorial – London, England
Nelson’s Column Trafalgar Square – London
Women of World War II – London, England
The Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey – London, England
Animals in War Memorial – London, England
The Cenotaph – Belfast, Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland War Memorial – Belfast, Northern Ireland
Titanic Memorial – Belfast, Northern Ireland
Scottish National War Memorial, Edinburgh Castle – Edinburgh, Scotland
Commando Memorial – Spean Bridge, Scotland
Lewis War Memorial – Stornoway, Scotland
Lockerbie Garden of Remembrance – Lockerbie
Welsh National War Memorial – Cardiff, Wales
War memorials in Monmouth – Monmouth, Wales
Also of high interests these days are the sights of the “Cold War” such as the Berlin Wall, Checkpoint Charley, Cold War museums, old Soviet locations in the prior Soviet areas and more.
The Nazis used Concentrations Camps for several purposes.
● Forced Labor – These camps the earliest of camps where people the Nazis considered undesirable were put to work as cheap labor to build infrastructure projects but, primarily military manufacturing.
● Transit or Holding – These were camps used as collections points for the apprehension of civilians and then staged for deportation to concentration camps.
● Concentration
● Extermination
AUSTRIA
Mauthausen-Gusen – Labor camp
BELARUS
Koldichevo – Labor camp
Maly Trostenets – Extermination camp
BELGIUM
Breendonk – Prison & labor camp
Mechelen – Transit camp
CROATIA
Jasenovac camp – Extermination camp
CZECHIA
Skrochowitz – Transit camp
Theresienstadt – Transit camp
ESTONIA
Klooga – Labor camp
Vaivara – Concentration & transit camp
FRANCE
Drancy – Internment camp, transit
Fort de Romainville – Prison and transit camp
Le Vernet – Internment camp
Natzweiler-Struthof – Labor camp & extermination camp
Alderney – Labor camps located on the Channel Islands off the coast of France
GERMANY
Arbeitsdorf – Labor camp
Berga an der Elster – Labor camp
Bergen-Belsen – Collection point
Berlin-Marzahn – Labor camp
Bernburg – Collection point
Breitenau – Labor camp
Buchenwald – Labor camp
Dachau – Labor camp
Flößberg – Labor camp
Flossenbürg – Labor camp
Hinzert – Collection point
Kaufering – Labor camp
Kemna – Concentration camp
Langenstein-Zwieberge – Buchenwald subcamp
Malchow – Labor and Transit camp
Mittelbau-Dora – Labor camp
Neuengamme – Labor camp
Niederhagen – Prison and labor camp
Oberer Kuhberg – Concentration camp
Ohrdruf – Labor and concentration camp
Oranienburg – Concentration camp
Osthofen – Collective point
Ravensbrück – Labor camp
Sachsenhausen – Labor camp
ITALY
Bolzano – Transit camp
Fossoli – Prison and transit camp
Risiera di San Sabba – Detainment camp
LATVIA
Kaiserwald – Labor camp
Salaspils – Labor camp
LITHUANIA
Kauen – Internment camp
NETHERLANDS
Amersfoort – Transit camp and prison
Herzogenbusch – Concentration camp
Westerbork – Transit camp
NORWAY
Bardufoss – Concentration camp
Bredtvet – Concentration camp
Falstad – Prison camp
Grini – Prison camp
POLAND
Auschwitz-Birkenau – Extermination and labor camp
Bełżec – Extermination camp
Chełmno– Extermination camp
Fort VII – Concentration camp
Gross-Rosen – Labor camp
Lamsdorf – Łambinowice
Majdanek – Extermination camp
Mittelsteine – Labor camp
Płaszów – Labor camp
Sobibór – Extermination camp
Soldau- Labor & transit camp
Stutthof – Labor camp
Treblinka – Extermination camp
Warsaw – Extermination and labor camp
SERBIA
Banjica- Concentration camp
Crveni krst – Concentration camp
Sajmište- Extermination camp
UKRAINE
Bogdanovka- Concentration camp
Janowska – Transit , labor & extermination camp
Because of the many wars over the centuries, Europe is littered with cemeteries of the fallen. With the two world wars being that last large conflict in Europe, many cemeteries dot the landscapes for both Axis and Allies countries. The two world wars only took a total of approximately 15 to 18 million in WW I and 34 to 54 million in WW II. Unlike the first world war the later took more innocent lives then those of the combatants. Americans can visited many of these locations. The American cemetery at Colleville-Sur-Mer in Normandy is the one most visited by Americans. It is the resting place of fallen Americans from the invasion of Normandy at Omaha Beach, which suffered the most casualties of the the five invasions beaches. It also has a guest center that has exhibits explaining about events and those who participated in the invasion. In addition their are those of the non military. Certain churches contain the tombs and graves of great rulers and royalty over the centuries. Over time it also became a place to of honor to bury and honor famous people of the non-ruling class who made exceptional contributions to country and society . In cities like London and Paris cathedrals and public buildings will contain those of Charles Darwin to Victor Hugo. Public cemeteries open to the public have those of great writers, poets, composers, performers and famous people. Paris’s famous Père Lachaise is know for the final resting place of many a artist, from Frédéric Chopin and Oscar Wilde to Edith Piaf and Jim Morrison.
★ WWI Cemeteries ★★ WWII Cemeteries
AUSTRIA
Imperial Crypt – Vienna
Zentralfriedhof – Vienna
BELGIUM
Schoonselhof Cemetery – Antwerp
Laeken Cemetery – Brussels
Historic Cemeteries of Ghent – Ghent
☆☆Henri-Chapeel American Cemetery – Hombourg
☆☆Ardennes American Cemetery – Liege
Tyne Cot Commonwealth Cemetery – Passchendaele
☆Flanders Field American Cemetery – Waregem
BOSNIA and HERZEGOVINA
Bare Cemetery – Sarajevo
CROATIA
Cemetery Boninovo – Dubrovnik
Catholic Cemetery Dubovac – Karlovac
Kozala Cemetery – Rijeka
Varaždin Cemetery – Varaždin
Monumental Cemetery Mirogoj – Zagreb
CZECHIA
Old Jewish Cemetery – Prague
Know as the oldest Jewish cemetery in Europe it was confined to the old Jewish quarter of Prague. Without the ability to increase in size tombs were layered onto on one another. It is estimated that they are 12 deep in some parts. It is located within the old section of Prague just several blocks from the old town square and easy accessible walk.
Vyšehrad Cemetery – Prague
DENMARK
Assistens Cemetery – Copenhagen
ESTONIA
FRANCE
La Cambe German Cemetery – Bayeux
☆Aisne-Marne American Cemetery – Belleau
☆Somme American Cemetery – Bony
☆☆Normandy American Cemetery – Colleville-sur-mere
☆☆Epinal American Cemetery – Dinozé
☆☆Rhone American Cemetery – Draguignan
Cemetery of Lyon – Lyon
Cemetery of Montmartre – Paris
Les Invalides – Paris
Montparnasse Cemetery – Paris
The Panthéon – Paris
Parisian Cemetery of Thiais – Paris
Passy Cemetery – Paris
Pére Lachaise Cemetery – Paris
Northern Cemetery – Rennes
☆Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery – Romagne-sous-Montfaucon
☆☆Utah Beach American Cemetery – Sainte-Marie-du-Mont
☆Oise-Aisne American Cemetery – Seringes-et-Nesles
☆☆Lorraine American Cemetery – St. Avold
Basilica of St. Denis – St. Denis
☆☆Brittany American Cemetery – St. James
☆Suresnes American Cemetery – Suresnes
☆St. Mihiel American Cemetery – Thiaucourt
GERMANY
Süfriedhof – Leipzig
Nordfriedhof – Munich
GREECE
Cemetery of Athens, A Koimitirio Athinon – Athens
Kalavryta Cemetery- Peloponnese Peninsula
Cemetery of Skiathos – Skiathos Island
HOLY SEE
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HUNGARY
Kerepesi Cemetery – Budapest
IRELAND
Dardistown Cemetery – Dublin
Glasnevin Cemetery – Dublin
Goldenbridge Cemetery – Dublin
Newlands Cross Cemetery – Dublin
Palmerstown Cemetery – Dublin
ITALY
Certosa Bologna Monumental Cemetery – Bologna
Cimitero dell’Osservanza – Faenza
English Cemetery – Florence
Cimitero di Staglieno – Genoa
While the list of notables buried here is not like other cemeteries the monuments throughout are on matched. Significant sculptors with work here include Leonardo Bistolfi, Augusto Rivalta, Giulio Monteverde, and Edoardo Alfieri.
Monumental Cemetery of Lecco – Lecco
La Cigna Cemetery – Livorno
Monumental Cemetery of Messina – Messina
Milan Monumental Cemetery – Milan
San Cataldo Cemetery – Modena
Historical Cemeteries of Poggioreale – Naples
☆☆Sicily-Rome American Cemetery – Nettuno
Suburban & Jewish Cemeteries of Reggio Emilia – Reggio Emilia
Catacombe di Roma – Rome
Protestant Cemetery – Rome
Verano Monumental Cemetery – Rome
☆☆Florence American Cemetery – Tavarnuzze
Monumentale Cemetery in Trento – Trento
The Monumental Cemetery of Turin – Turin
San Michele Cemetery – Venice
LITHUANIA
Rasos Cemetery – Rasu
Antakalnis’ Cemetery – Vilnius
LUXEMBOURG
★★Luxembourg American Cemetery – Luxembourg City
NETHERLANDS
NORWAY
Vår Fresers Cemetery – Oslo
POLAND
The New Cemetery of Prodgorze – Krakow
PORTUGAL
Dos Prazeres Cemetery – Lisbon
Cemetery of Agramonte – Porto
Largo do Padre Baltazar Guedes – Porto
ROMANIA
Bellu Cemetery – Bucharest
Merry Cemetery – Sapanta
RUSSIA
Novodevichy Cemetery -Moscow
Smolenskoye Cemetery – St. Petersburg
SERBIA
The New Cemetery of Belgrade – Belgrade
SLOVENIA
Žale Cemetery – Ljubljana
Cemetery Pobrežje – Maribor
SPAIN
Sant Antoni Abat or Cantagallet Cemetery – Alcoy
Cemetery of Arenys de Mar – Arenys de Mar
Cemetery of Montjuïc – Barcelona
Cemetery of Poblenou – Barcelona
Cemetery of Sant Gervasi – Barcelona
Sant Andreu Cemetery – Barcelona
Cemetery of Bilbao – Bilbao
Cemetery Nuestra Señora de la Salud – Cordoba
Municipal Cemetery of Granada – Granada
Igualada Cemetery – Igualada
Modernist Cemetery of Lloret de Mar – Lloret de Mar Costa Brava
Cementerio de la Almudena – Madrid
The English Cemetery – Malaga
Municipal Cemetery of the Capuchins – Mataró
Cementerio Municipal de Monturque – Monturque
Cementerio Quart de Poblet – Poblet
Cemetery of Reus – Reus
Polloe Cemetery – San Sebastian
San Sebastiá Cemetery – Sitges
General Cemetery of Valencia – Valencia
Cemetery Vilafranca del Penedés – Vilafranca del Penedés
Cemetery of Vilanova i la Geltrú – Vilanova i la Geltrú
SWEDEN
Ekshärad Cemetery – Ekshärad
Jönköping Cemetery – Jönköping
The Eastern Cemetery in Gothenburg – Gothenburg
Malmö Eastern Cemetery – Malmö
Norra begravningsplatsen Cemetery – Stockholm
Skogskyrkogården – Stockholm
Strankyrogården – Stockholm
Mjösund Cemetery in Njurunda – Sundsvall
TURKEY
★ Lone Pine Cemetery – Gallipoli
UNITED KINGDOM
🏴 England
Arnos Vale Cemetery – Bristol
☆☆Brookwood American Cemetery – Brookwood Woking, Surrey
☆☆Cambridge American Cemetery – Coton, Cambridge
Lister Lane Cemetery – Halifax
Abney Cemetery – London
Brompton Cemetery – London
Highgate Cemetery – London
Kensal Green Cemetery – London
Nunhead Cemetery – London
Westminster Abbey – London
West Norwood Cemetery – London
Winchester Cathedral – Winchester
General Cemetery of Sheffield – Sheffield
Southampton Old Cemetery – Southampton
Holy Trinity Church – Stratford-upon-Avon
Flaybrick Memorial Gardens – Wirral
Greyfriars Kirkyard – Edinburgh