Demographics are the criteria about a society that can be broken down into many different fields of information. We will provide just some demographic information that may be useful to the traveler in Europe.

Statistics can vary depending on how one currently defines boarders. In recent years independence, disputed and occupied areas of some countries have added to this confusion. Russians do make up the largest portion of the population with Germans second. The following are totals for European ethno-linguistic groups that reside not within just within their countries but, also in other European countries as a whole.

While most of Europe is of caucasian European ancestry, Europe is seeing and ever growing minority population similar to the US. Since World War II Europe’s population has had an overall negative growth rate. Immigration can always change the face of a culture and just like in the US., the need for laborers and workers, has been filled primarily by immigrants from other countries. France has had growth with north African immigrants and Germany with Turkish. Recently a wave of refugees seeking asylum from conflicts in the Middle East. There is some opposition to this immigration also a, as people are afraid it will change the country they live and not for the better. For more detailed information on ethno-linguistics groups by country, go to our ➾ People section below. 

Religion has also changed in most of Europe. While dominated by christianity for centuries, some countries have growing numbers of non-believers. As well, the influx of immigrants have brought a rise of other faiths, mainly Islam. Listed below on this page are some statistics on population and languages.

Europe is the 3rd most populous continent behind Asia and Africa with a population of 739 million.  Today is about 12% of the worlds total population with its height at 28% in 1913.

Being the second smallest continent makes it rather densely populated at 72.9 inhabitants per km, second behind Asia. However, Europe’s population growth rate is one of the smallest at 0.212% with the world rate at 1.89%.

The Europe Union has an estimated 2016 population of 513,949,445 making it the third most populated country behind China and India.

Country	2020 est.	world share	world rank	urban pop.%
Russia	141,722,205	1.87%	9	73.0%
Europe Russia	113,112,406	14.26 %
Turkey	82,017,514	1.06 %	18	73.4%
Germany	80,159,662	1.07 %	19	76%
France	67,848,156	0.85%	21	81%
United Kingdom	65,761,117	0.87%	22	81%
England	53,012,456
Scotland	5,404,700
Wales	3,113,200
N. Ireland	3,113,200
Italy	62,402,659	0.77%	23	71%
Spain	50,015,792	0.60%	29	83%
Ukraine	43,922,939	0.57%	33	70%
Poland	38,282,325	0.49%	37	61%
Romania	21,302,893	0.25%	59	61%
Netherlands	17,280,397	0.22%	67	92%
Belgium	11,720,716	0.15%	80	96%
Czechia	10,702,498	0.14%	85	75%
Greece	10,607,051	0.14%	86	79%
Portugal	10,302,674	0.13%	89	68%
Sweden	10,202,491	0.13%	91	86%
Hungary	9,771,827	0.13%	93	74%
Belarus	9,477,918	0.12%	94	75%
Austria	8,859,449	0.114%	97	58.3%
Switzerland	8,403,994	0.11%	100	74%
Serbia	7,012,165	0.092%	105	55.6%
Bulgaria	6,966,899	0.092%	106	73.9%
Denmark	5,869,410	0.076%	115	87.7%
Finland	5,571,665	0.072%	116	84.2%
Norway	5,467,439	0.069%	119	80.5%
Slovakia	5,440,602	0.071%	120	53.6%
Ireland	5,176,569	0.063%	122	63.2%
Croatia	4,227,746	0.054%	127	59.0%
Bosnia Herzegovina	3,835,586	0.047%	131	39.8%
Moldova	3,364,496	0.047%	133	45.0%
Albania	3,074,579	0.038%	136	57.4%
Lithuania	2,731,464	0.037%	141	66.5%
North Macedonia	2,125,971	0.027%	147	57.1%
Slovenia	2,102,678	0.027%	148	49.6%
Kosovo	1,932,774	0.023%	150	N/A
Latvia	1,881,232	0.025%	153	67.4%
Cyprus	1,266,676	0.011%	157	66.9%
Estonia	1,228,624	0.017%	158	67.5%
Luxembourg	628,381	0.0079%	169	90.2%
Montenegro	609,859	0.0082%	171	64.0%
Malta	457,267	0.0057%	175	95.4%
Iceland	350,734	0.0046%	178	94.1
Jersey	101,073	0.0041%	196	N/A
Isle of Man (UK)	90,499	0.0011%	199	N/A
Andorra	77,000	0.001%	201	N/A
Guernsey	67,052	0.0082%	204	N/A
Faroe Islands (Denmark)	51,628	0.00067%	209	43%
Liechtenstein	39,137	0.0005%	213	14.3%
Monaco	39,000	0.0005%	214	100%
San Marino	34,232	0.00044%	216	92.4%
Gibraltar	29,581	0.00044%	218	100%
Svalbard	2,926	N/A	230	N/A
Holy See – Vatican	1,000	0.00001%	236	100%

Being the second smallest continent makes it rather densely populated at 72.9 inhabitants per km, second behind Asia. Most European countries are more densely populated that the Untied States rate of 86 people per square mile.

However, Europe’s population growth rate is one of the smallest at 0.212% with the world rate at 1.89%. Table below is ranked by population destiny. Monaco having the highest destiny of people per square mile and Iceland with the lowest.

Population Destiny by Country

Country	Area (sq.mi)	Density (sq.mi)	Annual Growth Rate	Growth Rank
Monaco	.78	48,1450	0.65	162
Holy See – Vatican	.17	4,709	0.03	236
Malta	122	3,784	0.55	168
San Marino	24	1,414	0.78	142
Netherlands	16,033	1,075	0.30	202
Belgium	11,787	969	0.63	165
United Kingdom	93,788	702	0.65	163
England	50,301	1,098
N. Ireland	5,456	344
Scotland	30,981	174
Wales	8,023	388
Liechtenstein	62	614	0.76	65
Luxembourg	998	603	1.80	57
Germany	137,903	601	0.20	207
Switzerland	15,940	531	1.21	127
Italy	116,336	521	-0.08	183
Andorra	179	448	-1.59	193
Kosovo	4,212	422	1.08	151
Cyprus	2,276	376	1.15	94
Czechia	30,451	350	0.13	213
Denmark	16,640	347	0.48	179
France	210,026	321	0.45	184
Poland	120,728	319	-0.03	209
Portugal	35,556	290	-0.44	192
Slovakia	18,933	287	0.13	214
Austria	32,386	272	0.63	164
Hungary	35,919	272	-0.29	216
Moldova	13,067	272	-0.09	231
Turkey	302,535	267	1.58	98
Slovenia	7,827	264	0.29	202
Albania	11,082	259	0.31	175
Spain	195,364	238	-0.17	130
Serbia	29,913	231	-0.40	224
Romania	92,043	212	-0.56	221
Greece	50,949	212	-0.40	204
North Macedonia	9,928	210	0.08	217
Croatia	21,831	189	-0.43	226
Ukraine	232,820	181	-0.50	223
Bosnia Herzegovina	19,772	179	-0.03	210
Ireland	27,133	176	0.31	201
Bulgaria	42,858	166	-0.26	229
Belarus	80,155	119	0.03	215
Montenegro	5,333	117	0.12	215
Lithuania	25,212	111	-1.27	232
Latvia	24,928	78	-1.30	233
Estonia	17,505	75	-0.25	228
Sweden	173,860	58	0.78	156
Norway	125,013	41	1.25	123
Finland	130,666	41	0.43	190
Russia	6,612,093	23	0.04	219
Europe Russia	3,992,500	27.22
Iceland	39,682	9	0.61	166

EUROPEAN CITY POPULATIONS…

City, Country	Urban Area Population	Metro Area Population	Within City Population
Istanbul, Turkey	15,569,856	16,100,000	15,907,951
Moscow, Russia	12,641,000	18,800,000	13,010,112
London, United Kingdom	9,426,000	14,800,000	8,799,800
Paris, France	11,142,000	11,400,000	2,102,650
Madrid, Spain	6,714,000	6,850,000	3,280,782
St. Petersburg, Russia		6,400,000	5,600,044
Berlin, Germany	6,144,600	5,303,846	3,850,809
Munich, Germany	2,606,021	5,991,144	1,512,491
Frankfurt am Rhine, Germany	2,319,029	5,604,523	773,068
Barcelona, Spain	5,658,000	5,575,204	1,636,193
Stuttgart, Germany	2,787,724	5,465,093	626,275
Hamburg, Germany	2,484,800	5,425,628	1,945,532
Rome, Italy	4,298,000	4,342,212	2,748,109
Milan, Italy		6,100,000	1,354,196
Birmingham, England, UK	2,919,600	4,300,000	1,144,900
Manchester, United Kingdom	2,705,000	3,712,997	551,938
Athens, Greece	3,154,000	3,638,281	643,452
Nuremberg, Germany	1,374,524	3,610,543	523,026
Kyiv, Ukraine		3,475,000	2,952,301
Amsterdam, Netherlands	1,970,000	3,269,905	921,402
Warsaw, Poland		3,100,844	1,863,056
Marseille, France	1,618,479	3,100,329	870,321
Naples, Italy		3,084,890	909,048
Budapest, Hungary	2,997,958	3,011,598	1,706,851
Düsseldorf, Germany	1,527,176	2,944,700	619,477
Cologne, Germany	3,500,000	2,919,070	1,073,096
Lisbon, Portugal		2,846,332	548,703
Vienna, Austria	1,951,354	2,890,577	1,982,442
Katowice, Poland	2,710,397	2,773,751	286,960
Prague, Czechia		2,677,964	1,357,326
Lille, France	1,053,636	2,594,456	236,234
Valencia, Spain	1,595,000	2,540,588	792,492
Brussels, Belgium		2,500,000	1,235,192
Stockholm, Sweden	2,121,000	2,415,139	1,000,000
Bremen, Germany	1,244,363	2,400,000	563,290
The Hague, Netherlands	883,720	2,390,101	549,163
Mannheim, Germany	1,172,821	2,362,046	311,831
Bucharest, Romania		2,304,408	1,739,297
Lyon, France	2,188,759	2,293,180	522,228
Rotterdam, Netherlands	1,818,563	2,390,101	664,311
Turin, Italy		2,259,523	847,287
Liverpool, England, UK	864,122	2,241,000	500,500
Dublin, Ireland	1,263,219	2,107,749	592,713
Copenhagen, Denmark	1,366,301	2,135,634	656,787
Glasgow, Scotland, UK	1,028,220	1,861,315	626,410
Porto, Portugal	1,278,210	1,736,228	231,800
Kharkiv, Ukraine		1,729,049	1,421,225
Portsmouth/Southampton, England, UK	1,498,402	1,711,248	477,881
Belgrade, Serbia	1,383,875	1,681,405	1,688,667
Sofia, Bulgaria	1,547,779	1,678,041	1,307,439
Nottingham/Derby, England, UK	768,638	1,610,000	323,632
Oslo, Norway	1,064,235	1,588,457	709,037
Helsinki, Finland	1,268,296	1,573,728	672,036
Sheffield, England, UK	1,596,298	1,530,000	556,500
Zürich, Switzerland	1,984,534	1,520,968	415,367
Sevilla, Spain	1,877,060	1,519,639	684,234
Kraków, Poland	1,276,438	1,498,499	800,653
Toulouse, France	1,047,829	1,470,899	498,003
Bordeaux, France	994,920	1,376,375	259,809
Antwerp, Belgium		1,230,000	536,079
Zagreb, Croatia	663,592	1,217,150	767,131
Newcastle, England, UK		1,141,879	286,445
Cardiff, Wales, UK	488,153	1,140,165	362,400
Hanover, Germany		1,119,032	535,932
Łódź, Poland		1,100,000	658,444
Bristol, England, UK	707,412	1,090,080	472,500
Gdansk, Poland		1,080,700	470,621
Gothenburg, Sweden	1,006,548	1,070,935	600,000
Bilbao, Spain	1,025,109	1,037,847	345,821
Thessaloniki, Greece	802,572	1,006,112	319,045
Minsk, Belarus			1,995,471
Kazan, Russia			1,314,685
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia			1,259,013
Samara, Russia			1,163,645
Ufa, Russia			1,157,994
Rostov-on-Don, Russia			1,135,968

The people of Europe are a composition of many diverse ethno-linguistic groups. Visiting many areas you can see traditional customs observed through special events and in museums. The languages, clothing and cuisines can still be experienced. All of this diverse ethnicity can make Europe one of the best places to travel.

Over the centuries and even the millennia, groups of people have migrated, evolved and in some disappeared all together. Groups of people descended in pre-historic times into the Neolithic and Bronze ages with evidence like Stonehenge and others still existing. Historical populations where noted by Greco-Roman history during the Iron age in these areas.

• Aegean: Greek tribes, Pelasgians, and Anatolians.
• Balkans: Illyrians, Dacians, and Thracians.
• Italian peninsula: Camunni, Rhaetians, Lepontii, Adriatic Veneti, Ligurians, Etruscans, Italic peoples and Greek colonies.
• Western/Central Europe: Celts (list of peoples of Gaul, List of Celtic tribes), Rhaetians and Swabians, Vistula Veneti, Lugii and Balts.
• Iberian peninsula: Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (Iberians, Lusitani, Aquitani, Celtiberians) Basques and Phoenicians (Carthaginians).
• Sardinia: ancient Sardinians (also known as Nuragic people), comprising the Corsi, Balares and Ilienses tribes.
• West European Isles: Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland and Picts/Priteni.
• Northern Europe: Finnic peoples, Germanic peoples; the Normans conquered and colonized South Italy and Sicily (Norman conquest of southern Italy).
• Southern Europe: Sicani.
• Eastern Europe: Scythians, Sarmatians.

After the fall of the Roman empire there was a large migration of peoples to Europe. Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are: 

• Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean (including regions in Spain, France, Malta, Italy and the Aegean).
• Assyrian conquest of Cyprus, Southern Caucasus (including parts of modern Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) and Cilicia.
• Iranian influence: Achaemenid control of Thrace (512–343 BC) and the Bosporan Kingdom, Cimmerians(possible Iranians), Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Ossetes.
• The Jewish diaspora reached Europe in the Roman Empire period. Early Jewish communities in Italy, Central Europe (Gaul).
• The Hunnic Empire (5th century), converged with the Barbarian invasions, contributing to the formation of the First Bulgarian Empire
• The Bulgars (or Proto-Bulgarians), a semi-nomadic people, originally from Central Asia, eventually absorbed by the Slavs.
• The Magyars (Hungarians), a Ugric people, and the Turkic Pechenegs and Khazars, arrived in Europe in about the 8th century (see Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin).
• Arabs conquered Cyprus, Crete, Sicily, some places along the coast of southern Italy, Malta, Greek Empire, Hispania.
• Berber dynasties of the Almoravides and the Almohads ruled much of Spain and Portugal.
• Exodus of Maghreb Christians
• Kipchaks known as Cumans entered the lands of present-day Ukraine in the 11th century.
• Mongol/Tatar invasions (1223–1480), and
• Ottoman control of the Balkans (1389–1878).
• Romani people (Gypsies) arrived during the Late Middle Ages

Ethnic make up by country breaks down along the lines below. Note majority people may be composed of several ethnic groups. Since WWII Europe’s negative population and growth and the migration of people from other countries outside Europe have shifted the face of Europe’s culture slightly.

 ALBANIA

Majority: Albanians 82.5%
Regional Majority: none
Minorities: Greeks 2%, others 2%

 AUSTRIA

Majority: Austrian-Germans 85%
Regional Majority: none
Minorities: Yugoslavs 5.2%, Turks 2.2%, Hungarians 1%, others 6.6%

 BELARUS

Majority: Belarusians 83.5%
Regional Majority: none
Minorities: Russians 8.3% , Poles 3.1%, Ukrainians 1.7%, others 3.2%

 BELGIUM

Majority: Flemings 58%
Regional Majority: Walloons 38%, Germans 1%
Minorities: Luxembourgers, Eastern or Southern Europeans, Africans and Asians and Latin Americans 10%

 BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA 

Majority: Bosniaks 51.11%
Regional Majority: Serbs 30.78%, Croats 15.43%
Minorities: other 2.73%

 BULGARIA

Majority: Bulagrians 84.8%
Regional Majority: Turks 8.8%
Minorities: Roma 4.9%, others 1.5% (includes Russians, Armenians, Tartars & Vlach)

 CROATIA

Majority: Croats 90.4%
Regional Majority: none
Minorities: Serbs 4.4%, others 5.2% (including Bosniaks, Hungarians, Slovenes, Czechs, Dalmatian Italians, Austrian-Germans, Romanians and Romani)

 DENMARK

Majority: Danes 88.7%
Regional Majority: Faroese
Minorities: other Scandinavian, Germans, Frisians, other European, Greenlandic Inuit and others

 ESTONIA

Majority: Estonians 68.7%
Regional Majority: Russians 24.9%
Minorities: Ukrainians 1.8%, Belarusians 0.9%, Finns 0.6% and others 3.6%

 FINLAND

Majority: Finns 89%
Regional Majority: Swedes 5.3%
Minorities: Russians 1.3% and Estonians 0.8%

 FRANCE

Majority: French 86%
Regional Majority: Bretons, Corsicans, Occitans, Alsatians, Arpitans, Basques, Catalans and Flemings
Minorities: other European 7%, North African 7%, Sub-Saharan African, Indochinese, Asian, Latin American and Pacific Islander

 GERMANY

Majority: Germans 80.8%
Regional Majority: Frisians and Sorbians
Minorities: other Europeans 11.7%, West Asians, Turks 3.4%, Arabs, other Asians 1.3%, Africans 0.6% and Americans 0.5%

 GREECE

89.8%
Regional Majority: Muslim minority, Armenians and Jews
Minorities: Albanians 4%, Romani 1.5-2.3%, Aromanians 1.8%, Macedonians/Bulgarians 0.9-1.8%, Cretan Turks est. 1% and Arvanites 0.9%

 HUNGARY

Majority: Hungarians 85.6%
Regional Majority: none
Minorities: Romani 3.2%, Germans 1.9%, others (i.e. Romanians, Slovaks, Croats, Serbs, Slovenes and Ruthenians) or not stated 14.1%

 ICELAND

Majority: Icelanders 91%
Regional Majority: none
Minorities: Poles 4% and others 5% (examples are Filipinos, Greeks, Portuguese people and Russians

 IRELAND

Majority: Irish 82.2%
Regional Majority: none
Minorities: other white (large numbers of Britons, Latvians, Poles and Ukrainians) 9.5%, Asians 2.1%, blacks 1.2%, Irish Travellers 0.7% and others/not stated 4.3%

 ITALY

Majority: Italians 92.8%
Regional Majority: Aosta Valley French, Friulians, South Tirol Germans, Sardinians, and Sicilians.
Minorities: North Africans 1%, Romanians 1%, Asians (non-Chinese) 0.8%, Albanians 0.8%, Sub-Saharan Africans 0.5%, Latin Americans 0.5%, Chinese 0.3%, Ukrainians 0.3% and others 1%. Arbëreshë, Italiot Greeks, Catalans, Occitans, Ladins, Croats, Romani and Italian Jews.

 LATVIA

Majority: Latvians 62.%
Regional Majority: Latgalians, and Russians 25.4%
Minorities: Belarusian 3.3%, Ukrainians 2.2%, Poles 2.1%, Lithuanians 1.1% and others/unspecified 4.8%

 LITHUANIA

Majority: Lithuanians 86.7%
Regional Majority: none
Minorities: Poles 5.6%, Russians 4.8%, Belarusians 1.3%, Ukrainians 0.7% and others 0.9%

 MALTA

Majority: Maltese 95.2%
Regional Majority: none
Minorities: non-Maltese 4.8%

 MOLDOVA

Majority: Moldovans 75.1%
Regional Majority: Gagauzs 4.6%, Bulgarians 1.9%, and Romani
Minorities: Romanians 7%, Ukrainians 6.6%, Russians 4.1%, and others 0.8%

 MONTENEGRO

Majority: Montenegrins 45%
Regional Majority: Serbs 28.7% and Sandžak Muslims
Minorities: Bosniaks and Muslims by nationality 11.9%, Albanians 4.9%, Croats 0.9%, Romani 0.8%, Macedonians 0.1% and others 4.9%

 NETHERLANDS

Majority: Dutch 77.4%
Regional Majority: Frisians
Minorities: other Europeans 9.9%, Turks 2.3%, Moroccans 2.3%, Indonesians2.1%, Surinamese 2%, Caribbeans 0.9%, Americans 0.2% and others 2.9%

 NORTH MACEDONIA

Majority: Macedonians 64%
Regional Majority: Albanians 25.2%, Turks 4%
Minorities: Romani 2.7%, Serbs 1.8%, and other (i.e. Bosniaks, Aromanians, Croats, Montenegrins and Bulgarians) 2.2%

 NORWAY

Majority: Norwegians 85 – 87%
Regional Majority: Sami 1.2 – 2.5%
Minorities: Poles 1.4%. approximately 12% (Swedes, Pakistanis, Somalis, Iraqis and Kurds, Vietnamese, Germans, Lithuanians, Russians and Indians

 POLAND

Majority: Poles 98%
Regional Majority: Frisians
Minorities: others or not started 2%

 PORTUGAL

Majority: Portuguese 96.3%
Regional Majority: Mirandese
Minorities: others 3.7% like Afro-Portuguese, Chinese people, Latin Americans, Ukrainians and ex-Yugoslavs

 ROMANIA

Majority: Romanians 83.4%
Regional Majority: Hungarians 6.1%
Minorities: Romani 3.0%, Germans 0.2%, Ukrainians 0.2%, Turks 0.2%, Russians 0.1%  and Chinese 0.1%

 RUSSIA

Majority: Russians 80.9%
Regional Majority: Tatars 3.9%, Bashkirs 1.2%, Chuvash1%, Chechens 1%, Ossetians 0.4%, Kabardians 0.4%, Ingush 0.3%, Kalmyks 0.1%
Minorities: Ukrainians 1.4%, Armenians 0.9%, Avars 0.7%, Mordvins 0.5% and others.

 SERBIA

Majority:  Serbian 83.3%
Regional Majority: none
Minorities:Hungarians 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniaks and Muslims by nationality 2.3%, Croats 0.8%, Slovaks 0.7%, Montenegrins 0.5%, Vlachs 0.5%, Romanians 0.4%, Yugoslavs 0.3%, Macedonians0.3%, Bulgarians 0.3% and others/unspecified 5.1%.

 SLOVAKIA

Majority:  Slovaks 80.7%
Regional Majority: Hungarians 8.5%
Minorities:Romani 2.0%, Czechs 0.6%, Rusyns 0.6%, Ukrainians 0.1% and others/unspecified 7.5%

 SLOVENIA

Majority:  Slovenes 83.1%
Regional Majority: none
Minorities: Serbs 2%, Croats 1.8%, Bosniaks 1.1%, others (Dalmatian Italians, Germans, Hungarians and Romanians) and/or unspecified 12%

 SPAIN

Majority: Spaniards 89%
Regional Majority: Included Castilians and Leonese, Catalans/Valencians, Galicians, Asturians, Basques and Canarians
Minorities: Gypsies, Jews, Latin Americans, Romanians, North Africans, sub-Saharan Africans, Chinese, Filipinos, Levant Arabs, British

 SWEDEN

Majority: Swedes 88%
Regional Majority: Finns (Tornedalians), Sami people and Kvens
Minorities: Finns (Sweden Finns), Yugoslavs (Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks), Danes, Norwegians, Russians, Arabs (Lebanese and Syrians), Syriacs, Greeks, Turks, Iranians, Iraqis, Pakistanis, Thais, Koreans and Chileans

 SWITZERLAND

Majority: German Speakers 63%
Regional Majority: French-speakers 22,7%, Italian-speakers 8.4% and Romansh people 0.6
Minorities: others 5.9%

 TURKEY

Majority: Turks 73%%
Regional Majority: Kurds 12%
Minorities: others 15%: Zazas, Laz, Jews, Greeks, Georgians, Circassians, Bulgarians, Bosniaks, Assyrians, Armenians, Arabs, Albaniansand Romanians

 UKRAINE

Majority: Ukrainians 77.8%
Regional Majority: Russians 17.3%
Minorities: Belarusians 0.6%, Moldovans 0.5%, Crimean Tatars 0.5%, Bulgarians 0.4%, Hungarians 0.3%, Romanians 0.3%, Poles0.3%, Jews 0.2%, Armenians 0.1%, Urums 0.1% and others 1.8%

 UNITED KINGDOM

Majority: White British 87.1%
Regional Majority: (consisting of English, Scottish, Welsh, Northern Irish (could also be counted as Irish), also Cornish, Manx and Channel Islanders). Included are the inhabitants of Gibraltar
Minorities: Black British 3%, British Asians 6.9% and others 3%

While most religions of the world are practice in Europe most countries have a dominant religion. Events within a country over a period of time have led one religion to become more widely practiced than others. The religions below are categorized by the countries in which they are primarily practiced.
While the reformation started in Germany some areas are still Catholic while the rest are protestant. Switzerland and Northern Ireland is divided amongst Protestant & Catholic as the primary religion.
On Cyprus the Turkish populated northern area is predominately Islam while the Greek southern area is Eastern Orthodox.

Since the second world war the percentage of those people who do not have any religious affiliation has grown. Communist countries had strict regulations on religions and their churches. In western Europe, the belief in God has declined.  France has the largest percentage of its population with 33% professing no belief in God and Turkey, Malta, Romania and Poland with only 1%. Turkey and Malta also have the highest percentage of believers in God at 95% of their populations and Estonia has the lowest at 16%. However, over 54% of Estonians have a belief in a spirit or force as do over half of European countries. 

 ALBANIA

Subtitle for Muslim 56.7%, Roman Catholic 10%, Orthodox 6.8%, atheist 2.5%, Bektashi (a Sufi order) 2.1%, other 5.7%, unspecified 16.2%(2011 est.) note: all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began  allowing private religious practice

 ANDORRA

Roman Catholic (predominant)

 AUSTRIA

Subtitle Catholic 57%, Eastern Orthodox 8.7%, Muslim 7.9%, Evangelical Christian 3.3%, other/none/unspecified 23.1% (2018 est.) note:  data on Muslim is a 2016 estimate; data on other/none/unspecified are from 2012-2018 estimates

 BELARUS

Orthodox 48.3%, Catholic 7.1%, other 3.5%, non-believers 41.1% (2011 est.)

 BELGIUM

Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant and other Christian 2.5%, Muslim 5%, Jewish 0.4%, Buddhist 0.3%, atheist 9.2%, none 32.6% (2009 est.)

 BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA

Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)

 BULGARIA

Eastern Orthodox 59.4%, Muslim 7.8%, other (including Catholic, Protestant, Armenian Apostolic Orthodox, and Jewish) 1.7%, none 3.7%, unspecified 27.4% (2011 est.)

 CROATIA

Roman Catholic 86.3%, Orthodox 4.4%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.5%, not religious or atheist 3.8% (2011 est.)

 CYPRUS

Orthodox Christian 89.1%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Protestant/Anglican 2%, Muslim 1.8%, Buddhist 1%, other (includes Maronite, Armenian Church, Hindu) 1.4%, unknown 1.1%, none/atheist 0.6% (2011 est.) note: data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus

 CZECHIA

Roman Catholic 10.4%, Protestant (includes Czech Brethren and Hussite) 1.1%, other and unspecified 54%, none 34.5% (2011 est.)

 DENMARK

Evangelical Lutheran (official) 74.7%, Muslim 5.5%, other/none/unspecified (denominations of less than 1% each in descending order of size include Roman Catholic, Jehovah’s Witness, Serbian Orthodox Christian, Jewish, Baptist, Buddhist, Mormon, Pentecostal, and nondenominational Christian) 19.8% (2019 est.)

 ESTONIA

Orthodox 16.2%, Lutheran 9.9%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 2.2%, other 0.9%, none 54.1%, unspecified 16.7% (2011 est.)

 FINLAND

Lutheran 69.8%, Greek Orthodox 1.1%, other 1.7%, unspecified 27.4% (2018 est.)

 FRANCE

Christian (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic) 63-66%, Muslim 7-9%, Buddhist 0.5-0.75%, Jewish 0.5-0.75%, other 0.5-1.0%, none 23-28% (2015 est.) note: France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France’s religious composition; an 1872 law prohibiting state authorities from collecting data on individuals’ ethnicity or religious beliefs was reaffirmed by a 1978 law emphasizing the prohibition of the collection or exploitation of personal data revealing an individual’s race, ethnicity, or political, philosophical, or religious opinions; a 1905 law codified France’s separation of church and state

 GERMANY

Roman Catholic 27.7%, Protestant 25.5%, Muslim 5.1%, Orthodox 1.9%, other Christian 1.1%, other .9%, none 37.8% (2018 est.)

 GREECE

Greek Orthodox (official) 81-90%, Muslim 2%, other 3%, none 4-15%, unspecified 1% (2015 est.)

 HOLY SEE

Roman Catholic

 HUNGARY

Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, no response 27.2% (2011 est.)

 ICELAND

Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland (official) 67.2%, Roman Catholic 3.9%, Reykjavik Free Church 2.8%, Hafnarfjordur Free Church 2%, Asatru Association 1.2%, The Independent Congregation .9%, other religions 4% (includes Zuist and Pentecostal), none 6.7%, other or unspecified 11.3% (2018 est.)

 IRELAND

Roman Catholic 78.3%, Church of Ireland 2.7%, other Christian 1.6%, Orthodox 1.3%, Muslim 1.3%, other 2.4%, none 9.8%, unspecified 2.6% (2016 est.)

 ITALY

Christian 83.3% (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic with very small groups of Jehovah’s Witnesses and Protestants), Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated 12.4%, other 0.6% (2010 est.)

 LATVIA

Lutheran 36.2%, Roman Catholic 19.5%, Orthodox 19.1%, other Christian 1.6%, other 0.1%, unspecified/none 23.5% (2017 est.)

 LIECHTENSTEIN

Roman Catholic (official) 73.4%, Protestant Reformed 6.3%, Muslim 5.9%,  Christian Orthodox 1.3%, Lutheran 1.2%, other Protestant .7%, other Christian .3%, other .8%, none 7%, unspecified 3.3% (2015 est.)

 LITHUANIA

Roman Catholic 77.2%, Russian Orthodox 4.1%, Old Believer 0.8%, Evangelical Lutheran 0.6%, Evangelical Reformist 0.2%, other (including Sunni Muslim, Jewish, Greek Catholic, and Karaite) 0.8%, none 6.1%, unspecified 10.1% (2011 est.)

 LUXEMBOURG

Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.4%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.5%, none 26.8% (2010 est.)

 MALTA

Roman Catholic (official) more than 90% (2006 est.)

 MOLDOVA

Orthodox 90.1%, other Christian 2.6%, other 0.1%, agnostic (2014 est.)

 MONACO

Roman Catholic 90% (official), other 10%

 MONTENEGRO

Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6%(2011 est.)

 NETHERLANDS

Roman Catholic 23.6%, Protestant 14.9% (includes Dutch Reformed 6.4%, Protestant Church of The Netherlands 5.6%, Calvinist 2.9%), Muslim 5.1%, other 5.6% (includes Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish), none 50.7% (2017 est.)

 NORTH MACEDONIA

Macedonian Orthodox 64.8%, Muslim 33.3%, other Christian 0.4%, other and unspecified 1.5% (2002 est.)

 NORWAY

Church of Norway (Evangelical Lutheran – official) 70.6%, Muslim 3.2%, Roman Catholic 3%, other Christian 3.7%, other 2.5%, unspecified 17% (2016 est.)

 POLAND

Catholic 85.9% (includes Roman Catholic 85.6% and Greek Catholic, Armenian Catholic, and Byzantine-Slavic Catholic .3%), Orthodox 1.3% (almost all are Polish Autocephalous Orthodox), Protestant 0.4% (mainly Augsburg Evangelical and Pentacostal), other 0.4% (includes Jehovah’s Witness, Buddhist, Hare Krishna, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Muslim, Jewish, Mormon), unspecified 12.1% (2017 est.)

 PORTUGAL

Roman Catholic 81%, other Christian 3.3%, other (includes Jewish, Muslim) 0.6%, none 6.8%, unspecified 8.3% (2011 est.) note:represents population 15 years of age and older

 ROMANIA

Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.)

 RUSSIA

Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.) note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country’s traditional religions

 SAN MARINO

Roman Catholic (predominant)

 SERBIA

Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8% (includes agnostics, other Christians, Eastern, Jewish), undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.) note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

 SLOVAKIA

Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 8.2%, Greek Catholic 3.8%, other or unspecified 12.5%, none 13.4% (2011 est.)

 SLOVENIA

Catholic 57.8%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, unaffiliated 3.5%, other or unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002 est.)

 SPAIN

Roman Catholic 68.9%, atheist 11.3%, agnostic 7.6%, other 2.8%, non-believer 8.2%, unspecified 1.1% (2019 est.)

 SWEDEN

Church of Sweden (Lutheran) 60.2%, other (includes Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, and Buddhist) 8.5%, none or unspecified 31.3% (2017 est.) note: estimates reflect registered members of faith communities eligible for state funding (not all religions are state-funded and not all people who identify with a particular religion are registered members); an estimated 57.7% of Sweden’s population were members of the Church of Sweden in 2018

 SWITZERLAND

Roman Catholic 35.9%, Protestant 23.8%, other Christian 5.9%, Muslim 5.4%, Jewish 0.3%, other 1.4%, none 26%, unspecified 1.4% (2017 est.)

 TURKEY

Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)

 UKRAINE

Orthodox (includes the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) and the Ukrainian Orthodox – Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP)), Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Jewish (2013 est.) note: Ukraine’s population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority – up to two thirds – identify themselves as Orthodox, but many do not specify a particular branch; the OCU and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country’s population, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church accounts for 8-10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1-2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total population

 UNITED KINGDOM

Christian (includes Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 59.5%, Muslim 4.4%, Hindu 1.3%, other 2%, unspecified 7.2%, none 25.7% (2011 est.)