Battlefields / Fortifications

Europe’s history over the centuries is littered with conflict in which great battles were fought. the struggle for power through the ages, religious intolerance, conquering empires and kingdoms would eventually determine what europe is today. Some of those so dramatic that it would have a direct impact on the rest of the world and its history. Early in the twentieth century the rise and unification of powers in europe collied resulting in two world wars which left much destruction and death. So pivotal were these wars that countries from all over the world were forced to aligned with one side or another and even participate in the fighting.

Battles and conflicts took all shapes and sizes, some were gigantic battles fought by thousands over a day to several days. As Advancing invasion armies approached major cities and fortified military positions a siege could wage on for over a year. As in world war I, fighting in some of these campaigns would last for months. One side could only move their frontal positions several hundred yards after a week of fighting, then loose it all back a month later.

The persecution of religious and ethnic groups would result in slavery, servitude, detention, death and genocide. This would force the persecuted to flee as refugees and others to go into underground resistance fighting.

These historical places can have memorials and monuments in their exact location to mark their place in history. Next to many of them are also the cemeteries of the fallen, castle ruins, etc. that are associated with these battles.

Fortifications in Europe...

Below are listed sites of fortifications of different classes. Some became parts of old castles or citadel in which a whole city would exists within the fortified walls. Others could be military installations only for the use of the army for defensive purposes.

Albania

Baleč
Dagnum

Austria

Fortress Hohensalzburg
Finstermünz Fortress

Belarus

Babruysk fortress
Brest fortress

Belgium

Antwerp Providence

Fort de Stabroeck
Redoute de Berendrecht
Redoute de Capellen
Fort de Brasschaet
Fort de Schooten
Redoute de Schilde
Fort de Lierre
Forte de Wavre-Sainte-Catherine
Fort de Breendonck
Fort de Liezele
Redoute de Puers
Fort de Bornhem
Fort de Steendorp
Redoute d’Oorderen
Fort de Zwyndrecht

Liège Providence

Fort de Barchon
Fort d’Évegnée
Fort de Fléron
Fort de Chaudfontaine
Fort d’Embourg
Fort de Boncelles
Fort de Flémalle
Fort de Hollogne
Fort de Loncin
Fort de Lantin
Fort de Liers
Fort de Pontise
Fort de la Chartreuse
Citadelle of Liège
Fort d’Eben-Emael
Fort d’Aubin-Neufchâteau
Fort de Battice
Fort de Tancrémont

Namur Providence

Fort de Maizeret
Fort d’Andoy
Fort de Dave
Fort de Malonne
Fort de Suarlée
Fort de Cognelée
Fort de Marchovelett

Bosnia Hercegovina

Borač (fortress)
Blagaj Fort
Bobovac
Bužim Fort
Citadel Počitelj
Fortress of Doboj
Fazlagić Tower
Glamoč Fortress
Hodidjed
Kastel Fortress
Komotin Fort
Maglaj Fortress
Pavlovac (fortress)
Srebrenik Fortress
Vidoski
Visočica hill
Walled city of JajceZvornik Fortress

Bulgaria

Markeli
Asen’s Fortress
Belogradchik Fortress (Kaleto)

Croatia

Brod Fortress
Dinarić Fortress
Knin Fortress
Lovrijenac
Mirabella Fortress (Peovica)
Monkodonja
Nečven
Nehaj Fortress
Nesactium
- Prevlaka Fortress
Prozor Fortress
Sisak Fortress
St. Michael’s Fortress, Šibenik
Starigrad Fortress (Fortica)
Tvrđa

Cyprus

Walls of Nicosia
Famagusta Gate
Kyrenia Gate

Czechia

Josefov Fortress
Roman fort, Mušov
Stachelberg
Terezín
Vitrified fort

Denmark

Flakfortet
Middelgrundsfortet
Trekroner Fort

Estonia

Toomemägi
Toompea
Varbola Stronghold

Peter the Great’s Naval Fortress

Aegna
Kakumäe
Naissaar
Suurupi
Viimsi

Finland

Fortress of Suomenlinnea

France

Group Fortifications of Aisne
Fort des Ayvelles
Bastille (Grenoble)
Petit Bé
Fort of Beauregard (Besançon)
Fort de Bellegarde
Fort de Bertheaume
Citadel of Besançon
Fort des Bordes
Fort de Bourlémont
Fort Boyard (fortification)
Fort of Bregille
Fort de Bron
Fort de Caluire
Fort Carré
Citadel of Lille
Fort de Condé-sur-Aisne
Fort de la Crèche
Fort Decaen
Fort Déroulède
Fort Douaumont
Fort Dubois
Fort Duchère
Fort des Dunes
Fort l’Écluse
Fort Enet
Fort de Feyzin
Fort de Brégançon
Fort de la Conchée
Fort de La Prée
Fort de Mutzig
Fort du Portalet
Fort Fleur d’épée
Fort Liberia
Fort Mahon
Fort National
Fort of Justices
Fort of Rosemont
Fort Rapp
Fort Risban
Fort Saint-Elme (France)
Forts of Metz
Group Fortifications Francois-de-Guise
Führer Headquarters
Fort Gambetta
Heurt Fort
Fort de Joux
Fort Lauvallieres
Group Fortification Lorraine
Fort Louvois
Fort de Loyasse
Lunettes of Trois-Châtels and Tousey
Group Fortification Marne
Meuse-Line
Fort du Mont Verdun
Fort Montbarey
Moselle-Line
Fort Ney (Fransecky)
Fort of Planoise
Questel Fort
Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille)
Fort Saint-Jean (Lyon)
Fort de Saint-Julien
Fort Saint-Privat
Fortifications of Saint-Quentin
Fort de Salses
Fort de Seclin
Tour Royale, Toulon
Fort de Tournoux
Fort de Vancia
Fort Vaux
Group Fortification Verdun
Fort de Viraysse
Vitrified fort
Lines of Weissenburg
Group Fortification Yser

Germany

Ayers Kaserne
Wildenstein Castle (Leibertingen)
Ehrenbreitstein Fortress
Grauerort fortress
Königstein Fortress
Moritzburg Fortress
Petersberg Citadel
Saalburg
Spandau Citadel
Fortress of Ulm
Veste Coburg
Veste Oberhaus
Mainz Citadel

Greece

Palamidi
New Fortress of Corfu
Firka Fortress
Fortress of Pantokrator
Mystras
Monemvasia

Hungary

Fuzer Fortress

Iceland

Borgarvirki Fortress

Ireland

Charles Fort

Italy

Forte Spagnolo, L’Aquila
Fort Bard, Bard
Forte a Mare, Brindisi
Walls of Genoa
Fortress of Orsini
Priamar Fortress, Savona
Fortress of San Leo, Marche
Belvedere, Florence

Latvia

Daugavpils Fortress (Dinaburg)

Lithuania

Apuolė
Aukštupėnai mound
Karmazinai mound
Kernavė
Molavėnai
Napoleon’s Hill
Pilėnai
Ukmergė
Seventh Fort
Ninth Fort
Voruta

Luxembourg

Boch Cassments
Boch Promontory
Chemin de la Corniche
Fort Thüngen
Hollow Tooth
Holy Ghost Citadel
Lambert Redoubt
Petrusse Casements
Spanish Turret
Trois Tours

Malta

Fort Benghisa
Fort Binġemma
Fort Cambridge
Fort Campbell
Fort Chambray
Fort Delimara
Fort Leonardo
Fort Madalena
Fort Manoel
Fort Mosta
Fort Pembroke
Fort Ricasoli
Fort Rinella
Fort Saint Angelo
Fort Saint Elmo
Fort San Lucian
Fort Saint Michael
Fort Saint Rocco
Fort San Salvatore
Fort Spinola
Fort Tas-Silġ
Fort Tigné
Fort Verdala

Netherlands

Fort Nassau
Fort Bourtange
Fort Pampus
Fort de Roovere
Wierickerschans
Fort along Den Ham
Fort near De Kwakel
Muiden Fortress
Fort Vijfhuizen
Vuurtoreneiland

Norway

Akershus Fortress in Oslo
Audunborg in Jølster
Bergenhus Fortress in Bergen
Båhus Fortress
Hamarhus Castle in Hamar
Isegran in Fredrikstad
Steinvikholm Castle in Stjørdal
Sverresborg Castle in Trondheim
Sverresborg Castle in Bergen
Tønsberg Fortress
Vardøhus Fortress
Fredriksberg fortress
Fredriksholm Fortress (Kristiansand)
Fredrikstad Fortress
Fredriksten Fortress
Fredriksværn
Kongsvinger Fortress
Basmo Fortress
Blaker Fortress
Christiansfjell Fortress (Elverum)
Munkholmen Fortress (Trondheim)
Staverns Fortress
Christiansholm Fortress (Kristiansand)
Christiansø Fortress
Kristiansten Fortress (Trondheim)
Altenhus Fortress (Alta)
Hegra Fortress
Kvarven Fort
Odderøya Fortress
Oscarsborg Fortress
Trondenes Fort
Meløyvær Fortress
Møvik Fortress

Poland

Kłodzko Fortress
Kraków Fortress
Międzyrzecz Fortification Region
Modlin Fortress
Osowiec
Poznań Fortress
Toruń Fortress
Warsaw Fortress

Portugal

Belém Tower, Lisbon
Fort of Guincho, Cascais
Fort of Leça de Palmeira, Porto
Castelo da Póvoa, Póvoa de Varzim
Fort of São Sebastião de Caparica, Almada
Fort of Nossa Senhora da Encarnação, Lagoa
Fort of Nossa Senhora da Rocha, Lagoa
Fort of Pessegueiro Island, Sines
Fort of Santa Catarina, Portimão
Fort of São João Baptista, Peniche
Fort of São João do Arade, Lagoa
Fort of São Pedro do Estoril, Cascais
Fort of São João Baptista, Angra do Heroísmo
Fort of Greta, Horta
Fort of Negrito, Angra do Heroísmo
Valença Fortress, Valença

Russia

Alexandrov Kremlin
Astrakhan Kremlin
Fort Alexander (St. Petersburg)
Gdov Kremlin
Ivangorod fortress
Kazan Kremlin
Kolomna Kremlin
Kronstadt
Moscow Kremlin
Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin
Novgorod Kremlin
Peter and Paul Fortress, Saint Petersburg
Por-Bazhyn, Tuva Republic
Tobolsk Kremlin
Tula Kremlin

Spain

Muralla de Santiago de Compostela
Fort Chinchilla
Fort Jerez de los Caballeros
Fort Cartagena
Batería de Aspiroz
Muelle de Gallineras
Fuerte de Punta Carnero
Fuerte de San García
Batería de San Genís
Fort San Marcos
Batería de San Melitón de la Calavera
Fort Sancti Petri (San Fernando)
Batería de Urrutia
Fort Peníscola
Fort Molina de Aragón
Fort Coria
Fort Sant Ferran (Figueres)
Fort Cartaya
Fort Niebla
Fort Cortegana
Muralla urbana de Marbella
Fort San Felipe
Fort Caravaca de la Cruz
Fort Olite
Fort San Cristóbal
Fort Bellver
Alcázar of Segovia
Fort Berlanga de Duero
Fort Toledo
Fort Encinas de Esgueva
Fort Peñafiel
Fort Simancas
Fort Villalba de los Alcores
Aljaferia

Sweden

Bodens fästning
Carlsten
Bohus Fästning
Karlsborg Fortress

Switzerland

Fort de Champillon
Fort de Chillon
Mueterschwanderberg

Turkey

Anadoluhisarı
Casemates of İbrahim Pasha
Diyarbakır Fortress
Rumelihisarı
Yedikule Fortress

Ukraine

Arabat Fortress
Borysohlibska Fortress
Charax, Crimea
Chufut-Kale
Kerch (fortress)
Khadjibey
Khortytsia
Khotyn Fortress
Kiev Fortress
Kodak Fortress
Letychiv Fortress
Lysa Hora (Kiev)
Medzhybizh Fortress
Okopy, Ternopil Oblast
Ukrainian line
Yeni-Kale

United Kingdom

England

Maunsell Sea Forts
Dymchurch Redoubt
Eastbourne Redoubt
Fort Burgoyne
Admiralty Pier Turret
Dover Western Heights
Littlehampton Redoubt
Newhaven Fort
Saxon Shore Forts
Shoreham Redoubt
Coalhouse Fort
Cliffe Fort
New Tavern Fort
Shornmead Fort
Slough Fort
Tilbury Fort
Fort Horsted
Fort Amherst
Fort Borstal
Fort Bridgewood
Fort Clarence
Fort Darnet
Fort Luton
Fort Hoo
Fort Pitt
Garrison Point Fort
Grain Fort & Grain Tower Battery
Crookhorn Redoubt
Fort Fareham
Farlington Redoubt
Fort Nelson
Fort Southwick
Fort Purbrook
Fort Wallington
Fort Widley
Fort Blockhouse
Fort Brockhurst
Fort Elson
Fort Gilkicker
Fort Grange
Fort Monckton
Fort Rowner
Fort Cumberland
Lumps Fort
Horse Sand Fort
No Mans Land Fort
Spitbank Fort
St Helens Fort
Liscard Battery
Fort Perchrock
Bath Side Battery
Beacon Hill Battery
Harwich Redoubt
Landguard Fort
Shotley Battery
Weymouth
Nothe Fort
Chudleigh Fort
Berry Head
Bristol Channel
Brean Down Fort
Bayard’s Cove Fort
Royal Citadel
Agaton Fort
Breakwater Fort
Cawsand Fort
Crownhill Fort
Ernesettle Fort
Fort Bovisand
Picklecombe Fort
Polhawn Fort
Fort Scraesdon
Fort Tregantle
Whitesand Bay Battery
Woodlands Fort
Verne Citadel
East Weare Battery
High Angle Battery
Blacknor Fort
The Humber Forts
Fort Paull
The Tyne Turrets

Scotland

Bennachie
Tap o’ Noth
White Caterthun and Brown Caterthun
An Caisteal, Coll
Dùn Cholla, Colonsay
Dùn Dubh, Coll
Dùn Eibhinn, Colonsay
Dùn Meadhonach, Colonsay
Dùn Morbhaidh, Coll
Dunadd
Dun Skeig, Kintyre
Castle Law, Dumyat
Doon of May
Grennan Hill
Tynron Doon
Black Castle
Blackcastle Hill
Chesters Hill Fort
Traprain Law
White Castle
Arthur’s Seat
Blackford Hill
Clatchard Craig
Norman’s Law
Dunearn
Dun Evan
Dun Ringill
Craig Phadrig, Inverness
Castle Law
Cluny Hill
Doune of Relugas
Knock of Alves
Moredun Top hill fort, Moncreiffe Hill
Edin’s Hall Broch
Eildon Hill
Peniel Heugh
Black Hill
Dumyat
Gillies Hill
Dumbarton Rock
Bowden hill fort
Peace Knowe hill fort
Castlethorn hill fort
Cockleroy hill fort
Dùn Èistean

Wales

Dale Fort
Fort Hubberstone
Popton Fort
Pill Fort
Chapel Bay Fort
South Hook Fort
Fort Scoveston
Stack Rock Fort
Thorn Island Fort
St Catherine’s Fort
Fort Belan

Major Historical Battles..

This table shows battles that had major consequences in determining the history of Europe. What would have Europe been today had the Ottomans’s captured Vienna. Would the most of Europe be under the influence of the Islamic faith? What if Napoleon had defeated the Coalition at Waterloo? Would France’s strength have occupied more of Europe and prohibiting the rise of Germany power, thus thwarting the conflicts that led to World War I? If no World War I would there have been a World War II? So significant where these results that Europe, as it is today, for better or worse, could be very different.

Event	Conflict	Present Day Location	Date
Battle of Marathon	Greco – Persian War	Attica, Greece	490 BC
Sea Battle of Salamis	Greco – Persian War	Salamis, Greece	480 BC
Battle of Syracuse	Peloponnesian War	Sicily	415-413 BC
Battle of Cannae	2nd Punic War	Canna, Italy	8/2/216 BC
Battle of Metaurus	2nd Punic War	Marche, Italy	207 BC
Battle of Alesia	Roman-Gallic Wars	Bourgeois, France	51 BC
Sea Battle of Actium	Antony’s Civil War	off Actium, Greece	31 BC
Battle of Teutoburg Forest (Arminius)	Roman-Germanic Wars	Kalkriese, Germany	9/9 AD
Melvin Bridge Battle	Tetrarchy Civil War	Rome, Italy	10/28/312
Sea Battle of Hellespont	Wars of Constantine	The Dardanelles, Turkey	7/324
Battle of Adrianople	Gothic War	Edirne, Turkey	8/9/378
Battle of Catalonian Fields (Câhlons)	Hunnic Invasion	Champagne, France	6/20/451
Siege of Constantinople	Arab-Byzintine Wars	Istanbul, Turkey	718
Uprising of Covadanga	Reconquista	Covadanga, Spain	718-722
Battle of Toulouse	Reconquista	Toulouse, France	721
Battle of Tours (Poitiers)	Reconquista	Tours, France	10/10/732
Battle of Hastings	Norman Conquest	Hastings, England	10/14/1066
Battle of Gvozd Mountain	War of Croatian Succession	Petra Gora, Croatia	1097
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa	Reconquista	Las Navas de Tolosa, Spain	7/16/1212
Battle of Bouvines	Anglo-French War	Bouvines, France	1214
Battle of Sluys	Hundred Years War	Sluis, Netherlands	6/24/1340
Battle of Nájera	Castilian Civil War	Nájera, Spain	4/3/1367
Battle of Aljubarrotta	Portuguese Crisis	Aljubarrotta, Portugal	8/14/1385
Battle of Sempach	Swiss Expansion War	Sempach, Switzerland	7/9/1386
Battle of Kosovo	Serbian-Ottoman Wars	Pristina, Serbia	6/15/1389
Agincourt Campaign	Hundred Years War	Agincourt, France	10/25/1415
Siege of Orléans	Hundred Years War	Orleans, France	10/12/1428-5/8/1429
Battle of Formigny	Hundred Years War	Formigny, France	4/15/1450
Siege of Constantinople	Byzintine-Ottoman Wars	Istanbul, Turkey	4/6-5/29/1453
Battle of Lochmaben Fair	Anglo-Scottish Wars	Lochmaben, Scotland	7/22/1484
Battle of Crevola	Transalpine Conflict	Crevoladossola, Italy	4/28/1487
Battle of Sauchieburn	Rebellion against James III	Stirling, Scotland	6/11/1488
Siege & War of Granada	Reconquista	Granada, Spain	4/1491-1/1492
Battle Krbrava Field	Croatian-Ottoman War	Lika, Croatia	9/9/1493
Battle of Rotebro	Dano-Swedish War	Rotor, Sweden	9/28/1497
Battle of Marignano	War of the League of Cambrai	Melegnano, Italy	9/13-14/1515
Battle of Mohács	Ottoman – Hungarian Wars	Mohács, Hungary	8/29/1526
Siege of Vienna	Ottoman Hapsburg Wars	Vienna, Austria	9/27-10/15/1529
Battle of Mühlberg	Schmalkaldic War	Mühlberg, Germany	4/24/1547
Siege of Narva	Livonia War	Narva, Estonia	4-6/1558
Siege of Szigetvár	Ottoman-Hasbburg Wars	Szigetvár, Hungary	8/6-9/8/1566
Battle of Heiligerlee	Eighty Years War	Heiligerlee, Netherlands	5/23/1568
Battle of Lepanto	Holy League vs. Ottoman Empire	Gulf of Patras, Ionian Sea, Greece	10/7/1571
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre	French Wars of Religion	Paris, France	8/23-24/1572
The Spanish Armada	Anglo-Spanish War	English Channel	8/8/1588
Battle of Sisak	Croatian-Ottoman War	Sisak, Croatia	6/22/1593
Battle of White Mt.	Thirty Years War	Bílá Hora, Czechia	11/8/1620
Siege of Breda	Anglo-Spanish Wars	Breda, Netherlands	8/28/1624-6/5/1625
Battle of Lützen	Thirty Years War	Lützen, Germany	11/6-16/1632
Battle of Nördlingen	Thirty Years War	Nördlingen, Germany	9/5-6/1634
Battle of Wittstock	Thirty Years War	Wittstock, Germany	10/4/1636
Battle of Naseby	1st English Civil War	Naseby, England	6/14/1645
Battle of Vienna	Ottoman Invasion	Vienna, Austria	9/12/1683
Action at La Hogue	War of the Grand Alliance	Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue, France	5/21-24/1692
Battle of Zenta	Great Turkish War	Senta, Serbia	9/11/1697
Battle of Blenheim	War of Spanish Succession	Höchstädt, Germany	8/13/1704
Battle of Ramillies	War of Spanish Succession	Ramillies, Belgium	5/23/1706
Battle of Pultowa (Poltava)	Great Northern War	Poltava, Ukraine	6/27-28/1709
Battle of Denain	War of Spanish Succession	Deanna, France	7/24/1712
Battle of Fontenoy	War of Austrian Succession	Tourney, Belgium	5/11/1745
Battle of Leuthen	Third Silesian War	Lutynia, Poland	12/5/1757
Siege of Gibraltar	American Revolutionary War	Gibraltar	6/24/1779-2/7/1783
Battle of Valmy	French Revolutionary Wars	Valmy, France	9/20/1792
Battle of Marengo	War of the 2nd Coalition	Spinetta-Marengo, Italy	6/14/1800
Battle of Austerlitz	Napoleonic Wars	Brno, Czech Rep.	12/2/1805
Sea Battle of Trafalgar	War of the 3rd Coalition	Cape Trafalgar, Spain	10/1805
Battle of Borodino	Napoleonic Wars	Borodin, Russia	9/7/1812
Battle of Vitoria	Peninsula Wars	Vitoria, Spain	6/21/1813
Battle of Leipzig	War of the 6th Coalition	Leipzig, Germany	10/16-19/1813
Battle of Waterloo	War of the 7th Coalition	Waterloo, Belgium	6/18/1815
Battle of Akhalzic	Russo-Turkish War 1828-29	Akhaltsikhe, Georgia	3/4/1829
Siege of Sevastopol	Crimean War	Sevastopol, Ukraine	10/17/1854 – 9/9/1855
Battle of Solferino	2nd Italian War of Independence	Solferino, Italy	6/24/1859
Sea Battle of Lissa	3rd Italian War of Independence	Lisa, Croatia	7/20/1866
Battle of Sedan	Franco-Prussian War	Sedan, France	9/1-2/1870
Battle of Shipka Pass	Russo-Turkish War 1877-78	Shipka Pass, Bulgaria	1877-1878
WORLD WAR I		Europe	1914 -1918
First Battle of Marne	WW I	Marne, France	9/6 – 10/1914
Gallipoli Campaign	WW I	Dardanellles, Turkey	4/25/1915-1/9/1916
Battle of Jutland	WW I	North Sea	5/31 – 6/1/1916
Battle of the Somme	WW I	La Boiselle, France	7/1 – 11/18/1916
Battle of Verdun	WW I	Verdun, France	2/21- 12/18/1916
Battle of Ypres	WW I	Ypres, Belgium	1914-1918
Brusilov Offensive	WW I	Lviv, Lutsk & Kovel, Ulkraine	6/4 – 9/20/1916
Battle of Amiens	WW I	Amiens, France	8/8-11/1918
Battle of Vittorio-Veneto	WW I	Vittorio, Italy	10/24-11/4/1918
Battle of Warsaw	Polish-Soviet War	Warsaw, Poland	8/13/1920
Battle of Belchite	Spanish Civil War	Belchite, Spain	8/24-9/7/1937
WORLD WAR II		Europe	1939-1945
Battle of Sedan	WW II	Sedan, France	5/12-15/1940
Battle of Brody	WW II	Broday, Ukraine	6/1941
2nd Battle of Kharkov	WW II	Kharkov, Ukraine	5/1942
Siege of Leningrad	WW II	Leningrad, Soviet Union	9/8/1941-1/27/1944
Battle of Stalingrad	WW II	Stalingrad, Soviet Union	11/1942-1/1943
Battle of Kursk	WW II	Kursk, Soviet Union	7-8/ 1943
Battle of Monte Cassino	WW II	Cassino, Italy	1-5/1944
Battle of Anzio	WW II	Anzio, Italy	1-6/ 1944
D Day Invasion	WW II	Normandy, France	6/6/1944
Battle of Arnhem	WW II	Netherlands	9/17-26/1944
Battle of the Bulge	WW II	Bastogne, Belgium	12/16/1944-1/25/1945
Battle of Remagen	WW II	Remagen, Germany	3/7-15/1945
Battle of Berlin	WW II	Berlin, Germany	4-6/1945

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